Most of the salt consumed by americans is - Americans consume too much salt. In the United States, the average consumption of sodium is around 3,400 milligrams a day, said Dr. Egan, which is on the high side. What is alarming is that “many may not realize they consume too much sodium,” he said. “It would take us about a little over 1,000 milligrams a day to get from where we are to ...

 
The limits, as given in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, state that people over the age of 14 should consume no more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day – the equivalent to 1 tsp of.... Cheap used cars near me under dollar5000

Chart 3: American Prescription Medication Use. Chart 4: Decreases in Fruit and Vegetable Intake. Chart 5: Consumption of Sugar Has Skyrocketed. Chart 6: Increase in Hydrogenated Oils and Decrease in Saturated Fat. Chart 7: Processed Foods Make Up 63 Percent of Calories. Chart 8: The Prevalence of GMO Foods in Our Diet.A 2010 report from the CDC, based on surveys from 2005 to 2006, also found that 9 in 10 Americans consume too much salt. However, the average daily sodium intake reported back then was slighly ...The most accurate measure is 24 hour urine collection. Balance studies conducted under controlled conditions and measuring all sodium intake as well as output from urine, faeces, and sweat suggest that over 90% of the sodium consumed is excreted in the urine over 24 hours, 12 making it a close estimate of actual sodium intake. Since collection ...Countries in Central Asia historically have salt-rich diet, averaging 5,500 mg of sodium daily per capita, which has adverse health effects on the whole region consisting of 5 countries, popular ...Feb 7, 2012 · A 2010 report from the CDC, based on surveys from 2005 to 2006, also found that 9 in 10 Americans consume too much salt. However, the average daily sodium intake reported back then was slighly ... 9 out of 10 Americans consume too much sodium. Where does sodium come from? More than 70% comes from processed and restaurant foods About 11% is added while cooking or eating More than 14% occurs naturally 3,400 milligrams. Amount of sodium an American consumes on average in a day 1,500 milligrams. Recommended by the AHA for ideal heart healthBaked beans are a Native American food that has withstood the test of time to be a popular food in many parts of the world [38]. Baked beans like most Indian recipes have many variations, but a basic recipe using ingredients that would have been available to Native Americans is shown in Recipe 6 in Table 2 (Fig 4 F). Of course, what we have ...Some of the common mistakes identified: • Refined grains, starchy vegetables, and added sugars still account for 42 percent of the average American’s daily calories. • Whole grains and fruits provide just 9 percent of daily calories. • Saturated fat consumption remains above 10 percent of daily calories, as many Americans continue to ...Most grains do not have high amounts of calcium unless they are fortified. However, they contribute to calcium intakes, even though they contain small amounts of calcium, because people consume them frequently . Foods fortified with calcium in the United States include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and ready-to-eat cereals [1,8]. The bar chart compares the amount of salt consumed by Americans in different age groups in 2000. Overall, it is clear from the chart that men had a higher salt intake than women in all age groups. Additionally, except for children under 6 and females over 60, most people consumed significantly more salt than the recommended adult intake.Sodium is often added in packaged and prepared foods, such as canned soups, lunch meats and frozen dinners — either as salt or other common forms of sodium such as baking soda. Overall, more than 70% of the sodium we eat comes from processed and restaurant foods. It’s much harder to limit sodium when it’s already added before it’s bought.On average, Americans eat more than 3,400 mg of sodium daily, but 97% do not know or underestimate their intake. Americans estimate their sodium consumption per day at: Do not know - 35%You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Most sodium consumed is from A. processed foods B. naturally occurring sodium in foods. C. table salt added at home D. tap water and medications. B. naturally occurring sodium in foods. D. tap water and medications. Iodized salt in the U.S. contains 45 micrograms of iodine per gram of salt. The recommended daily intake for adults is 150 micrograms, which can be obtained from about one-half to three-quarters of a teaspoon of table salt. Testing of the general population indicates that most Americans consume sufficient levels of iodine through their diets.Jun 26, 2020 · The most accurate measure is 24 hour urine collection. Balance studies conducted under controlled conditions and measuring all sodium intake as well as output from urine, faeces, and sweat suggest that over 90% of the sodium consumed is excreted in the urine over 24 hours, 12 making it a close estimate of actual sodium intake. Since collection ... This test is the most reliable estimate of salt intake. The researchers thought they would find that salt intake had increased over time because Americans eat more processed foods today than in 1957. But decade after decade, people consistently consumed about 3,700 milligrams of sodium a day, the data showed.Home | Dietary Guidelines for AmericansFalse. The majority of sodium comes from restaurant and processed foods. The best way to reduce sodium consumption is to cook for yourself. True. Cooking puts you in control, just remember to season your foods with other spices/seasonings beside table salt! Food tastes better with salt. True and false. The desirable taste for salt is learned ...Sep 22, 2016 · As often pointed out, the United States has one of the most diverse and plentiful food supplies in the world. On balance, food is relatively inexpensive and readily available. However, the food supply is also characterized by high levels of sodium. Very little of the sodium in foods is naturally occurring; most of it is added by the food industry in the form of sodium chloride, but other ... Apr 29, 2020 · The principal benefit of lowering salt intake is a corresponding reduction in high blood pressure. WHO Member States have agreed to reduce the global population’s intake of salt by a relative 30% by 2025. Reducing salt intake has been identified as one of the most cost-effective measures countries can take to improve population health outcomes. A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. false. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone used to control water intake by the body. false. Dehydration of only 1 to 2% of body weight can impair physical and cognitive ability. True. American adults consume an average of 3,400 milligrams of salt each day, or roughly 1½ teaspoons, and most of it (70 percent) comes from sodium in prepared foods, according to the Food and...Nov 25, 2020 According to the study, the estimated mean adult salt intake equivalent in China amounted to 10.9 grams per day as of 2019. In the United States salt consumption per adult was...Until randomized studies provide answers as to whether low or moderate salt consumption yields optimal cardiovascular outcomes, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines recommend a salt intake of 5–6 g/day, and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends a dietary sodium intake less than 1.5 g/day (1 g salt=400 mg of sodium ... Nov 1, 2021 · foods prepared with little or no salt; limited or preferably no alcohol intake; Apply this guidance wherever food is prepared or consumed. It is possible to follow a heart-healthy dietary pattern regardless of whether food is prepared at home, ordered in a restaurant or online, or purchased as a prepared meal. Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl (sodium chloride), is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. Salt's ability to preserve food was a founding contributor ...Most grains do not have high amounts of calcium unless they are fortified. However, they contribute to calcium intakes, even though they contain small amounts of calcium, because people consume them frequently . Foods fortified with calcium in the United States include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and ready-to-eat cereals [1,8].Higher salt intake was associated with a 23 percent increase in stroke and a 14 percent increase in heart disease. 9. Which type of cancer has been linked with high salt intake? in general, higher intakes of salt, sodium, or salty foods is linked to an increase in stomach cancer. 10. Americans consume on average 3,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium per day—nearly 50%more than the 2,300 mg limit recommended by federal guidelines for people 14 years and older. Recommended limits ...Mar 2, 2023 · Mar 2, 2023. The apparent consumption of salt in the United States amounted to an estimated 59 million metric tons in 2022. The reported salt consumption stood at around 49 million metric... Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day, on average. This is well above the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation. You can find potassium and sodium content, and percent Daily Values (%DV) on Nutrition Facts Labels for packaged foods.Jun 26, 2020 · The most accurate measure is 24 hour urine collection. Balance studies conducted under controlled conditions and measuring all sodium intake as well as output from urine, faeces, and sweat suggest that over 90% of the sodium consumed is excreted in the urine over 24 hours, 12 making it a close estimate of actual sodium intake. Since collection ... Most Americans consume at least 1.5 teaspoons of salt per day, or about 3400 mg of sodium, which contains far more than our bodies need. Recommended Amounts. The U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes state that there is not enough evidence to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance or a toxic level for sodium (aside from chronic disease risk).Dec 22, 2022 · The rest of sodium in the diet comes naturally in food (about 15%) or from salt added when cooking food or to our plates (about 11%). The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that we consume less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium daily. Yet, we typically consume about 50% more, or 3,400 mg. An AHA survey found that about 75% of adults ... To improve your fluid intake, plain water is just as healthy and much cheaper. Your morning mug of coffee counts toward fulfilling your daily water needs. True or False? True. Your mug of java does contribute to meeting your daily water needs, even though it may contain caffeine, a diuretic. Most of your dietary sodium comes from the salt that ...Feb 7, 2012 · Nearly two-thirds of the salt consumed by Americans is found in store products, 24.8 percent from restaurants and the remainder from other sources such as vending machines and the home salt shaker ... Jun 6, 2023 · Sodium From Everyday Foods Adds Up. Breads and rolls. Pizza. Sandwiches. Cold cuts and cured meats. Soups. Burritos and tacos. Savory snacks*. Chicken. Cheese. Eggs and omelets. Salt, sodium and potassium. Most people consume too much sodium through salt (corresponding to consuming an average of 9–12 g of salt per day) and not enough potassium (less than 3.5 g). High sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake contribute to high blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of heart disease and stroke (8, 11).Americans consume too much salt. Table salt, or sodium chloride, consists of roughly 40% sodium and 60% chloride. In the U.S., approximately 90% of sodium consumption comes from sodium chloride. Within the U.S. diet, the average person consumes salt: From processed and prepared foods — 77%; From natural sources — 12%; Adding while eating — 6%May 9, 2017 · The dietary assessment procedures were designed to allow quantification of the amount and proportion of sodium from the following sources: (1) salt added to food at the table; (2) salt added to food in home food preparation; (3) sodium from home tap water consumed as a beverage; (4) sodium that is inherent to food; (5) sodium that is added to ... Nearly two-thirds of the salt consumed by Americans is found in store products, 24.8 percent from restaurants and the remainder from other sources such as vending machines and the home salt shaker ...Jul 11, 2019 · Most of the salt consumed in China comes from the salt added by the consumers themselves while cooking. However, there is now a rapid increase in the consumption of processed foods and of food ... The acronym DASH in the DASH diet stands for. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. A selenium deficiency can result in selenosis, which damages the heart. False. The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis. True. The body of an average healthy adult is approximately ________ percent water. 50-60. As often pointed out, the United States has one of the most diverse and plentiful food supplies in the world. On balance, food is relatively inexpensive and readily available. However, the food supply is also characterized by high levels of sodium. Very little of the sodium in foods is naturally occurring; most of it is added by the food industry in the form of sodium chloride, but other ...The limits, as given in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, state that people over the age of 14 should consume no more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day – the equivalent to 1 tsp of...On average, Americans eat more than 3,400 mg of sodium daily, but 97% do not know or underestimate their intake. Americans estimate their sodium consumption per day at: Do not know - 35% Jun 6, 2023 · Sodium From Everyday Foods Adds Up. Breads and rolls. Pizza. Sandwiches. Cold cuts and cured meats. Soups. Burritos and tacos. Savory snacks*. Chicken. Cheese. Eggs and omelets. Jan 23, 2018 · From popular packaged meals and savory munchies to zesty canned soups and sauces, Americans love their salty snacks. The Centers for Disease Control says each of us eats an average of over 3400 mg of salt every day, and most of that excess sodium comes from processed foods. American adults consume an average of 3,400 milligrams of salt each day, or roughly 1½ teaspoons, and most of it (70 percent) comes from sodium in prepared foods, according to the Food and...The principal benefit of lowering salt intake is a corresponding reduction in high blood pressure. WHO Member States have agreed to reduce the global population’s intake of salt by a relative 30% by 2025. Reducing salt intake has been identified as one of the most cost-effective measures countries can take to improve population health outcomes.The amount of sugar that the average American consumes thanks to the Coke products they consume: is 10.8 pounds. Americans drink an average of 399 servings of Coke products per year, with 63% of those servings being Coca-Cola Classic. Mexicans drink 665 servings of Coca-Cola products every year.In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially at table in ground form in dispensers, it is more formally called table salt. In the form of a natural crystalline mineral, salt is also known as rock salt or halite. Salt is essential for life in general, and saltiness is one of the ...During 2005--2006, 9.6% of U.S. adults consumed sodium within dietary recommendations; for the group that was recommended to consume ≤1,500 mg/day, average intake was more than double (3,366 mg/day) the recommended limit. Food categories from which the most calories were consumed also contributed the most sodium.And few Americans eat the recommended five fruits a day. While we do get some 415 pounds of vegetables into our diet each year, the most popular choices (corn and potatoes ) aren't exactly ...Review the 10 Tips to cut back on salt and sodium in the diet. 1. Think fresh. 2. enjoy home-prepared foods. 3. fill up on veggies and fruits. 4. choose dairy and protein foods low in sodium, low fat milk and yogurt. 5. adjust your taste buds- decrease table salt. 6. skip salt while cooking- use spices. 7. read the label- low sodium, reduced ... The acronym DASH in the DASH diet stands for. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. A selenium deficiency can result in selenosis, which damages the heart. False. The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis. True. The body of an average healthy adult is approximately ________ percent water. 50-60. A 2010 report from the CDC, based on surveys from 2005 to 2006, also found that 9 in 10 Americans consume too much salt. However, the average daily sodium intake reported back then was slighly ...During 2005--2006, 9.6% of U.S. adults consumed sodium within dietary recommendations; for the group that was recommended to consume ≤1,500 mg/day, average intake was more than double (3,366 mg/day) the recommended limit. Food categories from which the most calories were consumed also contributed the most sodium.This test is the most reliable estimate of salt intake. The researchers thought they would find that salt intake had increased over time because Americans eat more processed foods today than in 1957. But decade after decade, people consistently consumed about 3,700 milligrams of sodium a day, the data showed.Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium per day, on average. This is well above the federal recommendation of less than 2,300 mg of sodium daily as part of a healthy eating pattern. Sodium or Salt? Salt and sodium are not the same. Salt is sodium chloride which is table salt. Sodium chloride is 40% sodium and 60% chloride.Higher salt intake was associated with a 23 percent increase in stroke and a 14 percent increase in heart disease. 9. Which type of cancer has been linked with high salt intake? in general, higher intakes of salt, sodium, or salty foods is linked to an increase in stomach cancer. 10. Unfortunately, salt added at the table accounts for only 15% of the salt most Americans consume. Most of the salt is hidden in processed food, which now accounts for about 80% of our salt intake. Why is it that salt, which is so beneficial as a preservative and has been added to food for thousands of years, should only in recent years be ...Jul 25, 2019 · Americans are overexposed to products that are high in energy, saturated fat, sugar and salt, according to a new study that reports the United States packaged food and beverage supply in 2018 was ... apply to diets consumed over several days and not to single meals or foods. The Dietary Guidelines describe food choices that promote good health The Dietary Guidelines are designed to help Americans choose diets that will meet nutri - ent requirements, promote health, support active lives, and r educe chronic disease risks.Until randomized studies provide answers as to whether low or moderate salt consumption yields optimal cardiovascular outcomes, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines recommend a salt intake of 5–6 g/day, and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends a dietary sodium intake less than 1.5 g/day (1 g salt=400 mg of sodium ... Mar 2, 2023 The apparent consumption of salt in the United States amounted to an estimated 59 million metric tons in 2022. The reported salt consumption stood at around 49 million metric...A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. false. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone used to control water intake by the body. false. Dehydration of only 1 to 2% of body weight can impair physical and cognitive ability. True.Children aged 1 to 3 averaged close to 2,000 mg a day in 2004. In this age group, 77% of children exceeded the recommended daily UL. Among 4- to 8-year-olds, daily intake averaged 2,700 mg, and 93% had consumed more than the UL . For most of these children, adding salt at the table was not contributing to the high sodium intake levels.Many consumers know it’s important not to eat too much sodium, but that hasn't resulted in a similar trend of going ‘low salt.’ The FDA has noted Americans consume almost 50% more sodium ...Review the 10 Tips to cut back on salt and sodium in the diet. 1. Think fresh. 2. enjoy home-prepared foods. 3. fill up on veggies and fruits. 4. choose dairy and protein foods low in sodium, low fat milk and yogurt. 5. adjust your taste buds- decrease table salt. 6. skip salt while cooking- use spices. 7. read the label- low sodium, reduced ...Currently Americans consume 3,400 mg of sodium per day on average, vastly exceeding the U.S. government's latest dietary recommendation of a maximum of 2,300 mg of sodium per day, or about a...Feb 7, 2012 · Nearly two-thirds of the salt consumed by Americans is found in store products, 24.8 percent from restaurants and the remainder from other sources such as vending machines and the home salt shaker ... And few Americans eat the recommended five fruits a day. While we do get some 415 pounds of vegetables into our diet each year, the most popular choices (corn and potatoes ) aren't exactly ...savory snacks (chips, popcorn, pretzels, snack mixes, and crackers) chicken. cheese. eggs and omelets. Whether you're watching your blood pressure or want to get rid of a bloated belly, the first step is to reduce your intake of foods high in sodium and replace them with low-sodium alternatives. To help you cut back on salt, we put together a ...D) the relative amount of fluids consumed against the amount of urine excreted. Answer: C Page Ref: 372 Skill: Understanding Learning Obj.: 9.9 41) Overhydration most commonly occurs in: A) healthy adults who consume primarily vegetables and fruits. B) people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.Mar 31, 2017 · The new CDC report found that in 2013-2014, Americans consumed about 3,400 mg of salt daily. That far exceeds the recommended amount, and is more than double the American Heart Association’s ... D) the relative amount of fluids consumed against the amount of urine excreted. Answer: C Page Ref: 372 Skill: Understanding Learning Obj.: 9.9 41) Overhydration most commonly occurs in: A) healthy adults who consume primarily vegetables and fruits. B) people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.Make your sandwiches with low-fat, low sodium cheeses, and try not to pile on the condiments. Minimize processed red meats, cured or smoked meats, and other salty processed foods. Choose foods with potassium to counter the effects of sodium. It may help lower your blood pressure. Try some tasty recipes that are lower in sodium and big on flavor ...Nov 3, 2022 · Americans consume too much salt. Table salt, or sodium chloride, consists of roughly 40% sodium and 60% chloride. In the U.S., approximately 90% of sodium consumption comes from sodium chloride. Within the U.S. diet, the average person consumes salt: From processed and prepared foods — 77%; From natural sources — 12%; Adding while eating — 6% A wide variety of foods contribute to sodium intake. Most dietary sodium comes from sodium added during food processing or during cooking in restaurants. Some foods contribute sizable amounts to total intake when consumed because they have a high sodium densit y per serving (see definition on page 4). However, manyMost Americans consume too much salt and sodium, due to a high intake of processed, restaurant, and convenience foods. ... multiply the answer by 2.5 for an accurate picture of the salt content ...A wide variety of foods contribute to sodium intake. Most dietary sodium comes from sodium added during food processing or during cooking in restaurants. Some foods contribute sizable amounts to total intake when consumed because they have a high sodium densit y per serving (see definition on page 4). However, many Children aged 1 to 3 averaged close to 2,000 mg a day in 2004. In this age group, 77% of children exceeded the recommended daily UL. Among 4- to 8-year-olds, daily intake averaged 2,700 mg, and 93% had consumed more than the UL . For most of these children, adding salt at the table was not contributing to the high sodium intake levels.Dec 18, 2014 · Unadjusted sodium values were used in all analyses. The mean usual intakes (long-run average daily intakes) of sodium from all foods were determined using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method for a single dietary component, because sodium is consumed at some level on most days. All analyses were adjusted for the complex survey design of ... Aug 23, 2022 · Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day, on average. This is well above the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation. You can find potassium and sodium content, and percent Daily Values (%DV) on Nutrition Facts Labels for packaged foods.

Nov 25, 2020 According to the study, the estimated mean adult salt intake equivalent in China amounted to 10.9 grams per day as of 2019. In the United States salt consumption per adult was.... Ebay

most of the salt consumed by americans is

However, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends adults limit sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day—that’s equal to about 1 teaspoon of table salt! For children under age 14 ...Most of the salt consumed by Americans is: added to food during processing and manufacturing. In the United States, the typical diet is high in _____ and low inNearly two-thirds of the salt consumed by Americans is found in store products, 24.8 percent from restaurants and the remainder from other sources such as vending machines and the home salt shaker ...Most Americans consume at least 1.5 teaspoons of salt per day, or about 3400 mg of sodium, which contains far more than our bodies need. Recommended Amounts. The U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes state that there is not enough evidence to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance or a toxic level for sodium (aside from chronic disease risk).Jun 6, 2023 · Sodium From Everyday Foods Adds Up. Breads and rolls. Pizza. Sandwiches. Cold cuts and cured meats. Soups. Burritos and tacos. Savory snacks*. Chicken. Cheese. Eggs and omelets. Americans consume too much salt. In the United States, the average consumption of sodium is around 3,400 milligrams a day, said Dr. Egan, which is on the high side. What is alarming is that “many may not realize they consume too much sodium,” he said. “It would take us about a little over 1,000 milligrams a day to get from where we are to ...Many consumers know it’s important not to eat too much sodium, but that hasn't resulted in a similar trend of going ‘low salt.’ The FDA has noted Americans consume almost 50% more sodium ...Children’s recommended fruit intake ranges from 1 cup/day, between ages 1 and 3, to 2 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy. Recommended vegetable intake ranges from ¾ cup a day at age one to 3 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy. Introduce and regularly serve fish as an entrée. Avoid commercially fried fish. Serve fat-free and low-fat dairy foods.Jun 28, 2023 · Almost everyone can find a way to eat less sodium. Some ways you can cut back are: Eat more fresh foods. Most fresh fruits and vegetables are naturally low in sodium. Also, fresh meat is lower in sodium than are lunchmeat, bacon, hot dogs, sausage and ham. Buy fresh or frozen poultry, fish, or meat without added sodium. The acronym DASH in the DASH diet stands for. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. A selenium deficiency can result in selenosis, which damages the heart. False. The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis. True. The body of an average healthy adult is approximately ________ percent water. 50-60. Unfortunately, salt added at the table accounts for only 15% of the salt most Americans consume. Most of the salt is hidden in processed food, which now accounts for about 80% of our salt intake. Why is it that salt, which is so beneficial as a preservative and has been added to food for thousands of years, should only in recent years be ... The estimated percentage of salt sold or used was, by type, rock salt, 41%; salt in brine, 41%; vacuum pan salt, 10%; and solar salt, 8%. Highway deicing accounted for about 43% of total salt consumed. The chemical industry accounted for about 37% of total salt sales, with salt in brine accounting for 89% of the salt used for chemical feedstock.Jul 11, 2019 · Most of the salt consumed in China comes from the salt added by the consumers themselves while cooking. However, there is now a rapid increase in the consumption of processed foods and of food ... Dec 22, 2022 · The rest of sodium in the diet comes naturally in food (about 15%) or from salt added when cooking food or to our plates (about 11%). The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that we consume less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium daily. Yet, we typically consume about 50% more, or 3,400 mg. An AHA survey found that about 75% of adults ... .

Popular Topics